Torres-Céspedes et al. (2025)
de adherencia estricta a la medicación inmunosupresora. Se enfatiza la importancia de una
cuidadosa selección de candidatos, evaluación psicosocial integral,
y
seguimiento
multidisciplinario centrado en el paciente para optimizar los resultados. En conclusión, el TCV de
mano puede ofrecer restauración anatómica y funcional notable y mejorar la calidad de vida en
pacientes seleccionados, pero exige equilibrar los beneficios con los riesgos de la
inmunosupresión. Las tendencias actuales buscan protocolos de inmunosupresión minimizada y
eventualmente inducción de tolerancia, junto con medidas objetivas y narrativas para evaluar el
éxito desde la perspectiva del paciente, en aras de lograr una aplicación más segura y efectiva
de esta terapia en el futuro cercano.
Palabras claves: Trasplante de mano; Alotrasplante compuesto vascularizado;
Inmunosupresión mínima; Resultados funcionales; Calidad de vida; Rechazo crónico.
Abstract
Hand vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become an established
reconstructive option over the past two decades for upper-limb amputees, offering a living limb
with the potential for sensory and motor function. However, it is a life-enhancing rather than life-
saving procedure, which raises ethical dilemmas due to the risks associated with lifelong systemic
immunosuppression. This narrative review analyzes literature from the last 10 years on hand
VCA, focusing on minimal-immunosuppression strategies and patient-centered outcomes.
Advances in immunosuppressive protocols aimed at reducing toxicity are discussed, including
the use of specific induction agents, mTOR inhibitors, and biologic agents such as belatacept,
together with their reported benefits and limitations. Complications related to
immunosuppression—opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and chronic rejection—and strategies
to manage them are also addressed. Regarding functional outcomes and quality of life, recent
evidence suggests that many transplant recipients achieve significant improvements in hand
function and independence, with generally high satisfaction, although in some objective domains
performance may be comparable to that achieved with advanced prostheses. Notwithstanding,
major challenges persist: frequent episodes of acute rejection (usually controlled with appropriate
therapy), the development of chronic rejection in some long-term cases, and the need for strict
adherence to the immunosuppressive regimen. The importance of careful candidate selection,
comprehensive psychosocial evaluation, and multidisciplinary, patient-centered follow-up is
emphasized to optimize outcomes. In conclusion, hand VCA can provide notable anatomic and
functional restoration and improve quality of life in selected patients, but it requires balancing the
benefits against the risks of immunosuppression. Current trends aim for minimized-
immunosuppression protocols and, ultimately, tolerance induction, along with objective metrics
and patient-reported outcomes to assess success from the patient’s perspective, with the goal of
achieving a safer and more effective application of this therapy in the near future.
Keywords: Hand transplant; Vascularized composite allograft; Minimal immunosuppression;
Functional outcomes; Quality of life; Chronic rejection.
anastomosando vasos sanguíneos y
1. Introducción
reparando estructuras tendinosas,
nerviosas y óseas. Se considera un
subtipo de alotrasplante de tejido
compuesto vascularizado (ATCV),
junto con trasplantes de cara,
miembros inferiores, útero, entre
otros. A diferencia de los trasplantes
El
trasplante
compuesto
vascularizado de mano (TCV de
mano) consiste en la transferencia
de una extremidad superior (mano
y/o antebrazo) desde un donante
cadavérico
a
un
receptor,