Tinitana-Guachizaca et al. (2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Cutaneous melanoma has a high propensity to metastasize to the central nervous
system (CNS). In a minority of patients, the metastasis is identified without the primary tumor
being found despite exhaustive evaluation, an entity known as melanoma of unknown primary
(MUP). When the initial presentation involves the brain, the differential diagnosis includes primary
CNS tumors and hemorrhagic metastases from other origins (2,12). Case presentation: A 58-
year-old man, with no prior history of cancer, presented with progressive headache and focal
seizures with secondary generalization. Computed tomography revealed a hyperdense right
parietal corticosubcortical lesion with vasogenic edema and a slight mass effect. Magnetic
resonance imaging showed a single lesion with peripheral enhancement and signs of intralesional
hemorrhage. Surgical resection was performed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical
studies (SOX10, S100, HMB-45, Melan-A) confirmed brain metastases from melanoma, and
molecular analysis documented a BRAF V600E mutation. Subsequent staging (dermatology,
mucosal, ophthalmology, and PET-CT) did not identify a primary lesion, so it was classified as
MUP (1,11,12,14). Discussion: Brain metastases from melanoma have a tendency to hemorrhage
and can mimic primary lesions. Current management is based on multimodal strategies: surgery
for symptomatic or mass-effect lesions, focal radiotherapy (SRS), and effective systemic
therapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. Long-term trials and follow-up support the
ipilimumab + nivolumab combination for its intracranial activity and sustained survival benefits in
selected patients (3,4,7,8,9,16). Conclusions: In a patient with no known cancer, metastatic
melanoma should be considered even without an identifiable primary tumor. Histological
confirmation and multidisciplinary management allow for the implementation of contemporary
therapies with potentially favorable impact on intracranial control (1,2,3,4).
Keywords: Melanoma; Brain metastasis; Neoplasms of unknown origin; Radiosurgery;
Immunotherapy; Case report.
hallarse el primario tras una
1. Introducción
búsqueda clínica e imagenológica
razonable. Aunque infrecuente, el
MUP puede presentarse con
El melanoma es una neoplasia
cutánea de comportamiento
biológico agresivo y con marcada
capacidad de diseminación. En
compromiso
cerebral
como
manifestación inicial, lo que dificulta
el diagnóstico diferencial frente a
gliomas de alto grado u otras
metástasis hemorrágicas (11,12).
estadios
avanzados,
el
SNC
constituye un sitio frecuente de
metástasis, con impacto directo en la
calidad de
hemorragia intratumoral y mortalidad
1,2).
de
vida,
riesgo
El tratamiento de las metástasis
cerebrales por melanoma ha
evolucionado con la radiocirugía
estereotáxica (SRS) y las terapias
(
El concepto de melanoma de origen
desconocido (MUP) se aplica
sistémicas
efectivas
—
cuando metástasis
existen
especialmente la inmunoterapia con
anti-PD-1 y la combinación anti-
confirmadas por histología sin