Medrano-Trujillo et al. (2026)
de ecografía y resonancia magnética. Se necesitan protocolos multicéntricos, validación externa
y mayor representación de entornos con recursos limitados.
Palabras claves: retinoblastoma; neoplasias oculares; niño; ultrasonografía; tomografía de
coherencia óptica; resonancia magnética; pseudorretinoblastoma.
Abstract
Pediatric ocular tumors comprise retinal, uveal, and anterior segment neoplasms that must be
distinguished from mimicking lesions. This scoping review synthesized advances in clinical
diagnosis and imaging for lesion characterization, staging, and follow-up. PubMed, Latin
American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Scientific Electronic Library Online were
searched for publications from January 2000 through August 2, 2026. Of 2,048 initial records, 197
duplicates were removed; 1,851 unique records underwent selection, 112 reports were assessed,
and 62 were included. Retinoblastoma accounted for most of the evidence. Fundus examination
remains the clinical reference; ultrasonography identifies masses and calcification; handheld
optical coherence tomography supports the characterization of small lesions and follow-up
decisions; and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging is essential for evaluating the optic
nerve and ocular, orbital, and intracranial extension, although a negative study does not exclude
microscopic invasion. Ultrasound biomicroscopy is particularly useful for medulloepithelioma.
Coats disease, persistent fetal vasculature, and ocular toxocariasis require clinical and
multimodal interpretation. Artificial intelligence and radiomics show promising results in
retrospective studies but lack sufficient external validation. Diagnosis should integrate anatomy,
clinical context, and complementary imaging modalities. Computed tomography is not
recommended routinely when ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging are available.
Multicenter protocols, external validation, and greater representation of resource-limited settings
are needed.
Keywords: retinoblastoma; ocular neoplasms; child; ultrasonography; optical coherence
tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; pseudoretinoblastoma.
genético [7–9]. En 4.064 niños de
1. Introducción
1
49
extraocular,
estadio clínico cT4, representó el
países,
la
enfermedad
La leucocoria pediátrica es una
urgencia diagnóstica: puede
correspondiente
al
representar retinoblastoma curable,
pero también enfermedad de Coats,
persistencia de la vasculatura fetal
0
,8% en países de ingresos altos y
2,9% en países de ingresos bajos;
4
la supervivencia a tres años fue
9,5% y 57,3%, respectivamente
10].
(PFV), toxocariasis, catarata
o
9
vitreorretinopatía hereditaria. La
anatomía ocular pequeña, la
opacidad de medios, el movimiento y
la necesidad de anestesia reducen el
rendimiento de una prueba aislada.
El retinoblastoma (RB) aparece casi
siempre antes de los 5 años y
combina riesgo visual, vital y
[
La imagen cumple funciones
distintas: detectar y documentar el
tumor,
localizarlo
por
compartimento, caracterizar calcio,
pigmento, quistes, vascularidad y
desprendimiento de retina (DR), y
430