La enfermería y el conocimiento de las madres sobre los signos de alarma en los recién nacidos: Revisión sistemática

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

Recién Nacido, Madres, Cuidados de Enfermería, Educación en Salud, Conocimientos, Actitudes y Prácticas en Salud, Urgencias Médicas

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0407

Resumen

Introducción y Objetivo: El período neonatal representa la etapa de mayor vulnerabilidad biológica. Ante el limitado reconocimiento materno de los signos de peligro, el objetivo fue sintetizar la evidencia científica publicada entre 2021 y 2026 sobre la efectividad de las intervenciones educativas de enfermería en el conocimiento materno de estos signos. Metodología: Bajo lineamientos PRISMA y criterios PICO, se revisaron PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Lilacs y Redalyc entre 2021 y 2026. Se emplearon descriptores MeSH/DeCS: Madres, Recién Nacido, Atención de Enfermería, Educación en Salud y Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud, combinados mediante operadores booleanos AND y OR en la estrategia de búsqueda. Resultados: Se incluyeron 20 artículos, distribuidos según tres preguntas de investigación: diez evaluaron intervenciones formales de enfermería, cinco describieron el conocimiento basal sin intervención activa y cinco compararon modelos comunitarios articulados con enfermería frente a los formales hospitalarios. El nivel de conocimiento de las mamás al inicio es bastante bajo (apenas un 14.0% llega a ser adecuado), ya que prácticamente solo identifican la fiebre. En cambio, cuando se aplican intervenciones que incluyen demostraciones prácticas, retroalimentación o comunicación de ida y vuelta como rotafolios, videos, programas de transición y consejería en tiempo real mejora notablemente la capacidad para reconocer señales de alerta como la ictericia, la letargia, la hipotermia y las infecciones en el cordón umbilical. Por el contrario, los mensajes automáticos que van en una sola dirección y el trabajo comunitario sin la supervisión de enfermería no sirven de mucho. Conclusiones: Las actividades de educación a cargo de enfermería funcionan muy bien cuando suman interacción, práctica y supervisión directa de profesionales, sin importar si se realizan en un hospital o en la comunidad. Desde el punto de vista clínico, hace falta replantear con urgencia los protocolos para dar de alta a los pacientes, apostando por formatos visuales e interactivos, y coordinando y supervisando las redes comunitarias bajo la guía de enfermeras profesionales para proteger mejor a los recién nacidos.

Palabras claves: Recién Nacido, Madres, Cuidados de Enfermería, Educación en Salud, Conocimientos, Actitudes y Prácticas en Salud, Urgencias Médicas.

Abstract

Introduction and Objective: The neonatal period represents the stage of greatest biological vulnerability. Given mothers’ limited recognition of warning signs, the objective was to synthesize the scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2026 on the effectiveness of nursing education interventions in improving mothers’ knowledge of these signs. Methodology: Following PRISMA guidelines and PICO criteria, PubMed, Scopus, SciELO, Lilacs, and Redalyc were searched between 2021 and 2026. The following MeSH/DeCS terms were used: Mothers, Newborn, Nursing Care, Health Education, and Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice, combined using the Boolean operators AND and OR in the search strategy. Results: Twenty articles were included, distributed across three research questions: ten evaluated formal nursing interventions, five described baseline knowledge without active intervention, and five compared community-based models coordinated with nursing versus formal hospital-based models. Mothers' baseline level of knowledge is quite low (only 14.0% reaches an adequate level), since they practically only identify fever. In contrast, when interventions that include practical demonstrations, feedback, or two-way communication are applied such as flip charts, videos, transition programs, and real-time counseling the ability to recognize warning signs such as jaundice, lethargy, hypothermia, and umbilical cord infections improves notably. Conversely, one-way automated messages and community work without nursing supervision are of little use. Conclusions: Nursing-led education activities work very well when they add interaction, practice, and direct professional supervision, regardless of whether they take place in a hospital or in the community. From a clinical standpoint, there is an urgent need to rethink discharge protocols, favoring visual and interactive formats, and coordinating and supervising community networks under the guidance of professional nurses to better protect newborns.

Keywords: Newborn, Mothers, Nursing Care, Health Education, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices, Medical Emergencies.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.

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Citas

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Publicado

2026-09-11

Cómo citar

Calapiña-Guachi, K. D., Guamán-Tubón, D. E., & Analuisa-Sisalema, A. Y. (2026). La enfermería y el conocimiento de las madres sobre los signos de alarma en los recién nacidos: Revisión sistemática. Revista Científica Arbitrada En Investigaciones De La Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273., 9(18 Ed. Esp.), 121-152. Recuperado a partir de https://journalgestar.org/index.php/gestar/article/view/380