Cuidados de enfermería en pacientes neurológicos hospitalizados: Una revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
Atención de Enfermería; Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso; Accidente Cerebrovascular; Traumatismos CraneocerebralesResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0410
Resumen
Introducción: Los pacientes neurológicos hospitalizados presentan riesgo de deterioro súbito, disfagia, delirium, caídas, lesiones por presión, pérdida funcional y elevada dependencia familiar. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia reciente sobre intervenciones y responsabilidades de enfermería en pacientes adultos hospitalizados con ictus, traumatismo craneoencefálico y condiciones neuroquirúrgicas. Metodología: Se estructuró una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA. Para este borrador se verificaron 34 estudios originales publicados entre 2021 y 2025 en PubMed/PMC. La pregunta PICO integró pacientes neurológicos hospitalizados, intervenciones de enfermería, cuidado habitual o comparación preintervención y resultados de seguridad, complicaciones, función, calidad de vida y continuidad asistencial. Los estudios se organizaron mediante vertebración temática. Resultados: La evidencia se agrupó en cinco categorías: rehabilitación, educación y transición; atención aguda y seguridad; disfagia, nutrición y salud oral; prevención de complicaciones; y neurocirugía/traumatismo craneoencefálico. Las intervenciones dirigidas por enfermería mejoraron indicadores motores y funcionales, autocuidado, preparación del cuidador, tiempos de trombólisis, detección de delirium, manejo de disfagia, prevención de lesiones por presión y competencias para drenaje ventricular externo. Conclusiones: Los mejores resultados se vinculan con cuidados protocolizados, educación con verificación de comprensión, vigilancia neurológica sistemática, rehabilitación precoz, participación familiar y transición planificada. Se requiere completar el flujo PRISMA con exportaciones reproducibles de las bases de datos y aplicar evaluación formal del riesgo de sesgo antes de la presentación definitiva.
Palabras claves: Atención de Enfermería; Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso; Accidente Cerebrovascular; Traumatismos Craneocerebrales.
Abstract
Introduction: Hospitalized neurological patients are at risk of sudden deterioration, dysphagia, delirium, falls, pressure injuries, functional loss, and high family dependence. Objective: To synthesize recent evidence on nursing interventions and responsibilities for hospitalized adults with stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurosurgical conditions. Methods: A systematic-review structure consistent with PRISMA was used. For this academic draft, 34 original studies published between 2021 and 2025 were verified in PubMed/PMC. The PICO question included hospitalized neurological patients, nursing interventions, usual care or pre-intervention comparison, and safety, complications, functional outcomes, quality of life, and care-transition outcomes. Results: Evidence was grouped into rehabilitation/education/transition; acute care and safety; dysphagia/nutrition/oral health; complication prevention; and neurosurgery/traumatic brain injury. Nurse-led protocols were associated with better motor and functional outcomes, caregiver preparation, thrombolysis timelines, delirium screening, dysphagia management, pressure injury prevention, and external ventricular drain competencies. Conclusions: Effective neurological nursing combines standardized monitoring, early rehabilitation, communication verification, family engagement, and planned transition. Complete database exports and a formal risk-of-bias assessment are required for the final PRISMA report.
Keywords: Nursing Care; Nervous System Diseases; Stroke; Traumatic Brain Injuries.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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