Estrategias para la prevención de la diabetes juvenil. Revisión sistemática

Jonathan Ismael Gordon-Campos; Tannia Elizabeth Chipantiza-Córdova

Authors

Gordon-Campos Jonathan Ismael Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Ambato, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1232-315X
Chipantiza-Córdova Tannia Elizabeth Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Ambato, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8608-182X

Keywords:

type 2 diabetes; adolescents; primary prevention; school nursing; physical activity

Abstract

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v8i16.0309

Abstract

Introduction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with onset in young people is on the rise and accelerates the progression to cardiometabolic complications, impacting school performance and psychosocial well-being. Given this scenario, evidence suggests that modifiable risk factors such as excess adiposity, physical inactivity, high intake of free sugars, and low family involvement in healthy habits are priority targets for preventive interventions in school and community settings, with operational nursing leadership. Objective. To analyze the most effective preventive strategies for reducing the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young people, based on current scientific evidence. Methodology. A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines using indexed databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO) with MeSH/DeCS equations and a data range of 2020–2025. Three hundred and twelve records were identified, 62 duplicates were removed, 250 titles/abstracts were screened, 63 full texts were assessed, and 13 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Results: Multicomponent interventions integrating ≥60 minutes of daily physical activity, structured nutrition education, regular follow-up, and family involvement showed consistent improvements in BMI and BMI-z, blood glucose/glycated hemoglobin, and minutes/week of activity. Programs with adolescent-family co-design and community support increased adherence and sustainability; the nursing role facilitated screening, brief counseling with personalized goals, and school-family-service coordination. Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes prevention in adolescents is effective when culturally appropriate multicomponent packages are implemented with clear dosages and intensity and standardized monitoring every 8–12 weeks. For school and community health programs, the following are recommended: a core screening component (carbohydrate intake, blood pressure, lipids), progressive prescription of daily physical activity, nutritional education focused on reducing sugars and increasing fiber, and family co-responsibility as a quality criterion, prioritizing evaluation and scalability in resource-limited contexts.

Keywords: type 2 diabetes; adolescents; primary prevention; school nursing; physical activity.

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