Lesión vascular oculta tras luxación traumática de rodilla: diagnóstico precoz, revascularización urgente y manejo anestésico perioperatorio

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

luxación de rodilla; arteria poplítea; lesión vascular; índice tobillo-brazo; angiotomografía; revascularización; anestesia; reperfusión; hiperpotasemia; síndrome compartimental

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18.0393

Resumen

Introducción: La luxación tibiofemoral traumática puede producir lesión de la arteria poplítea por estiramiento, disección íntima, trombosis o transección. La reducción espontánea y la circulación colateral pueden mantener pulsos distales y retrasar el diagnóstico. Cuando existe isquemia, la revascularización urgente añade retos anestésicos relacionados con trauma, hemorragia y síndrome de reperfusión. Objetivo: Integrar la evidencia sobre diagnóstico precoz de lesión vascular oculta, estrategias de revascularización urgente y consideraciones anestésicas perioperatorias en pacientes con luxación traumática de rodilla. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa en PubMed/MEDLINE hasta el 1 de septiembre de 2026, complementada con rastreo de referencias y una búsqueda focalizada sobre anestesia, trauma vascular, reperfusión y síndrome compartimental. Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas, cohortes, guías, reportes y series de casos con información diagnóstica, terapéutica o perioperatoria pertinente. Debido a la heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica se efectuó síntesis narrativa sin metaanálisis. Resultados: Las revisiones clínicas estiman lesión vascular en aproximadamente 10,7%-18% de las luxaciones seleccionadas, aunque bases administrativas contemporáneas comunican incidencias menores. En una cohorte de 110 pacientes, la combinación de pulsos pedio y tibial posterior palpables con ITB ≥0,9 mostró sensibilidad del 100% y valor predictivo negativo del 100% para lesión vascular mayor. Los reportes de casos confirman que puede existir trombosis poplítea con pulsos distales conservados o después de una luxación ya reducida. En el quirófano, los puntos anestésicos críticos son reanimación hemostática, estabilidad durante la inducción, monitorización proporcional al riesgo, preparación para la reperfusión, vigilancia seriada de potasio, gasometría y estado ácido-base, control térmico y detección de síndrome compartimental. La analgesia regional puede considerarse de forma selectiva, evitando bloqueos densos y prolongados cuando exista riesgo de síndrome compartimental y manteniendo vigilancia clínica protocolizada. Conclusiones: La lesión vascular oculta tras luxación de rodilla exige una estrategia protocolizada basada en examen vascular repetido, ITB y angio-TC selectiva. La revascularización debe realizarse sin demoras evitables y acompañarse de un plan anestésico orientado a trauma y reperfusión. La coordinación entre emergencias, traumatología, cirugía vascular, anestesiología y cuidados críticos es determinante para el salvamento de la extremidad y la seguridad sistémica.

Palabras claves: luxación de rodilla; arteria poplítea; lesión vascular; índice tobillo-brazo; angiotomografía; revascularización; anestesia; reperfusión; hiperpotasemia; síndrome compartimental.

Abstract

Background: Traumatic tibiofemoral dislocation may injure the popliteal artery through stretching, intimal disruption, thrombosis, or transection. Spontaneous reduction and collateral circulation may preserve distal pulses and delay recognition. When ischemia is present, urgent revascularization introduces anesthetic challenges related to trauma, bleeding, and reperfusion syndrome. Objective: To integrate evidence on early diagnosis of occult vascular injury, urgent revascularization strategies, and perioperative anesthetic considerations in traumatic knee dislocation. Methods: A qualitative systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE through September 1, 2026 was complemented by reference tracking and a focused search on anesthesia, vascular trauma, reperfusion, and compartment syndrome. Systematic reviews, cohorts, guidelines, case reports, and case series providing relevant diagnostic, therapeutic, or perioperative information were included. Owing to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis without meta-analysis was performed. Results: Clinical reviews report vascular injury in approximately 10.7%-18% of selected knee dislocations, whereas contemporary administrative datasets report lower rates. In a 110-patient cohort, the combination of palpable dorsalis pedis/posterior tibial pulses and an ankle-brachial index ≥0.9 achieved 100% sensitivity and a 100% negative predictive value for major vascular injury. Case reports demonstrate that popliteal thrombosis may coexist with preserved distal pulses or a spontaneously reduced knee. Anesthetic priorities include hemostatic resuscitation, hemodynamically stable induction, risk-adapted monitoring, preparation for reperfusion, serial potassium/acid-base assessment, temperature control, and surveillance for compartment syndrome. Regional analgesia may be selectively used, while avoiding dense prolonged blocks in patients at risk for compartment syndrome and ensuring structured postoperative surveillance. Conclusions: Occult vascular injury after knee dislocation requires protocolized serial vascular examination, ankle-brachial index testing, and selective CT angiography. Revascularization should not be delayed, and the anesthetic plan should explicitly address trauma physiology and reperfusion risk. Multidisciplinary coordination is essential for limb salvage and systemic safety.

Keywords: knee dislocation; popliteal artery; vascular injury; ankle-brachial index; CT angiography; revascularization; anesthesia; reperfusion; hyperkalemia; compartment syndrome.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
11 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de julio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 28 de agosto de 2026.

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Publicado

2026-08-28

Cómo citar

Macias-Narvaez, K. E., Sánchez-Macas, C. P., Valle-Castillo, A. I., & Gadvay-Bonilla, N. M. (2026). Lesión vascular oculta tras luxación traumática de rodilla: diagnóstico precoz, revascularización urgente y manejo anestésico perioperatorio. Revista Científica Arbitrada En Investigaciones De La Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273., 9(18), 116-134. Recuperado a partir de https://journalgestar.org/index.php/gestar/article/view/361