Gangrena de Fournier: Reconocimiento temprano, factores precipitantes, manejo multimodal y desenlaces
Palabras clave:
gangrena de Fournier; fascitis necrosante; desbridamiento; sepsis; infección perineal; terapia de presión negativa; reportes de casosResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18.0394
Resumen
Introducción: La gangrena de Fournier (GF) es una infección necrosante rápidamente progresiva del periné, genitales y regiones perianales, asociada con sepsis, pérdida tisular extensa y mortalidad relevante. Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia clínica contemporánea y los patrones observados en reportes de casos sobre presentación, factores precipitantes, diagnóstico, tratamiento y reconstrucción. Métodos: revisión integrativa de literatura en PubMed/MEDLINE y OpenAlex, con énfasis en publicaciones 2020-2026 y selección dirigida de reportes/series con información clínica individual. La evidencia contextual se complementó con revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis y guías sobre infecciones necrosantes. Resultados: los casos muestran un espectro que incluye diabetes y exposición a inhibidores SGLT2, inmunosupresión y trasplante, embarazo, enfermedad de Crohn, malignidad anorrectal, infección por mpox, complicaciones urológicas y presentaciones pediátricas. La sospecha clínica y el control urgente del foco mediante desbridamiento amplio continúan siendo decisivos; la tomografía es útil para definir extensión cuando no retrasa la cirugía. El tratamiento exige antibióticos intravenosos de amplio espectro, reanimación, control metabólico y reexploración frecuente. La presión negativa facilita el manejo de heridas seleccionadas; el oxígeno hiperbárico puede considerarse como adyuvante sin retrasar el desbridamiento. Conclusiones: la GF debe abordarse como una emergencia quirúrgica multidisciplinaria. Los reportes de casos son especialmente útiles para reconocer fenotipos atípicos, pero no permiten estimar eficacia comparativa por sí solos.
Palabras claves: gangrena de Fournier; fascitis necrosante; desbridamiento; sepsis; infección perineal; terapia de presión negativa; reportes de casos.
Abstract
Background: Fournier gangrene (FG) is a rapidly progressive necrotizing infection of the perineum, genital and perianal regions associated with sepsis, major tissue loss and substantial mortality. Objective: To synthesize contemporary clinical evidence and patterns described in case reports regarding presentation, precipitating factors, diagnosis, management and reconstruction. Methods: Integrative review of PubMed/MEDLINE and OpenAlex literature, emphasizing 2020-2026 publications and targeted selection of case reports/series with individual clinical information. Contextual evidence was supplemented with systematic reviews, meta-analyses and guidance on necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Results: Reports illustrate a broad spectrum including diabetes and SGLT2 inhibitor exposure, immunosuppression and transplantation, pregnancy, Crohn disease, anorectal malignancy, mpox infection, urological complications and pediatric presentations. Prompt clinical suspicion and urgent source control through extensive debridement remain pivotal. CT helps define disease extent when it does not delay surgery. Broad-spectrum intravenous antimicrobials, resuscitation, metabolic control and repeated reassessment are essential. Negative-pressure wound therapy can facilitate wound management, while hyperbaric oxygen may be considered as an adjunct without delaying surgery. Conclusions: FG requires emergency multidisciplinary management. Case reports are valuable to recognize atypical phenotypes but cannot establish comparative treatment effectiveness on their own.
Keywords: Fournier gangrene; necrotizing fasciitis; debridement; sepsis; perineal infection; negative pressure wound therapy; case reports.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 11 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de julio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 28 de agosto de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.

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