Diagnóstico prenatal del síndrome de nevo melanocítico congénito: revisión de alcance imagenológica y dermatológica
Palabras clave:
Nevo Pigmentado. Melanosis. Diagnóstico Prenatal. Ultrasonografía Prenatal. Imagen por Resonancia Magnética. Dermatología. Recién NacidoResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18.0400
Resumen
Introducción: el síndrome de nevo melanocítico congénito agrupa nevos melanocíticos congénitos con compromiso extracutáneo, especialmente del sistema nervioso central, y su sospecha prenatal es excepcional. Objetivo: mapear la evidencia sobre signos prenatales por ecografía y resonancia magnética fetal, correlacionarlos con la expresión dermatológica neonatal y proponer un enfoque práctico para medicina fetal, radiología, pediatría y dermatología. Metodología: se realizó una revisión de alcance de literatura biomédica indexada y de referencias cruzadas, priorizando reportes con imagen prenatal, neuroimagen posnatal, manifestaciones cutáneas, criterios diagnósticos y recomendaciones de seguimiento. Resultados: la evidencia prenatal se concentró en reportes de caso y mostró tres patrones: quiste de fosa posterior, hiperecogenicidad cerebelosa o amigdaloidea y acortamiento de señal en resonancia fetal compatible con depósitos de melanina. La resonancia posnatal temprana permitió caracterizar melanosis leptomeníngea o intraparenquimatosa antes de que la mielinización redujera la sensibilidad diagnóstica. Discusión: no existen criterios prenatales validados, por lo que el diagnóstico debe plantearse como sospecha diferencial ante hallazgos persistentes del encéfalo posterior o temporal, especialmente si se identifican lesiones cutáneas fetales o alto riesgo neonatal. Conclusiones: la integración de ecografía, resonancia fetal, examen dermatológico neonatal y resonancia cerebral o medular temprana constituye el eje diagnóstico más razonable, aunque se requieren registros multicéntricos para definir sensibilidad, especificidad y seguimiento.
Palabras claves: Nevo Pigmentado. Melanosis. Diagnóstico Prenatal. Ultrasonografía Prenatal. Imagen por Resonancia Magnética. Dermatología. Recién Nacido.
Abstract
Introduction: congenital melanocytic nevus syndrome comprises congenital melanocytic nevi with extracutaneous involvement, especially of the central nervous system, and prenatal suspicion is exceptional. Objective: to map the evidence on prenatal ultrasound and fetal magnetic resonance imaging signs, correlate them with neonatal dermatologic expression, and propose a practical approach for fetal medicine, radiology, pediatrics, and dermatology. Methodology: a scoping review of indexed biomedical literature and citation searching was performed, prioritizing reports with prenatal imaging, postnatal neuroimaging, cutaneous manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and follow-up recommendations. Results: prenatal evidence was concentrated in case reports and showed three patterns: posterior fossa cyst, cerebellar or amygdaloid hyperechogenicity, and fetal magnetic resonance signal shortening compatible with melanin deposits. Early postnatal magnetic resonance imaging allowed characterization of leptomeningeal or intraparenchymal melanosis before myelination reduced diagnostic sensitivity. Discussion: validated prenatal criteria do not exist; therefore, the diagnosis should be considered as a differential suspicion when persistent posterior fossa or temporal brain findings are present, particularly if fetal skin lesions or high neonatal risk are identified. Conclusions: integration of ultrasound, fetal magnetic resonance imaging, neonatal dermatologic examination, and early brain or spine magnetic resonance imaging is the most reasonable diagnostic pathway, although multicenter registries are needed to define sensitivity, specificity, and follow-up.
Keywords: Nevus, Pigmented. Melanosis. Prenatal Diagnosis. Ultrasonography, Prenatal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Dermatology. Infant, Newborn.
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Fecha de recepción: 14 de mayo de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 20 de julio de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 27 de agosto de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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