Estrategias motoras y neurocognitivas para la reducción del riesgo de deterioro cognitivo asociado a la enfermedad de Alzheimer en adultos mayores: Revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
enfermedad de Alzheimer; deterioro cognitivo leve; ejercicio terapéutico; entrenamiento cognitivo; doble tarea; adulto mayorResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0435
Resumen
La enfermedad de Alzheimer constituye una causa principal de demencia y su fase preclínica o de deterioro cognitivo leve representa una ventana relevante para intervenciones no farmacológicas. El objetivo fue analizar la evidencia reciente sobre los efectos de estrategias motoras, neurocognitivas, duales y multidominio en la función cognitiva y funcional de adultos mayores sin demencia establecida. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con síntesis narrativa de estudios publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2021 y el 31 de agosto de 2026. Se consideraron estudios primarios de intervención en adultos de 60 años o más, con cognición conservada y riesgo de deterioro, deterioro cognitivo subjetivo o deterioro cognitivo leve; únicamente se incluyeron artículos cuyo texto completo pudo recuperarse y evaluarse. La calidad metodológica se valoró mediante el JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials. Se incluyeron 23 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con 6121 participantes en total: cinco evaluaron estrategias motoras, dos neurocognitivas, nueve combinadas o duales y siete multidominios. Las intervenciones combinadas motor-cognitivas mostraron el patrón más consistente de beneficios sobre función ejecutiva, memoria, cognición global y desempeño funcional, aunque no todos los ensayos demostraron superioridad. Los programas multidominio mostraron resultados mixtos, incluidos ensayos de gran tamaño con efectos pequeños o nulos sobre desenlaces cognitivos primarios. Se concluye que estas estrategias pueden contribuir al mantenimiento o mejoría de determinados dominios cognitivos y funcionales, pero la evidencia disponible no permite afirmar que prevengan clínicamente la enfermedad de Alzheimer.
Palabras claves: enfermedad de Alzheimer; deterioro cognitivo leve; ejercicio terapéutico; entrenamiento cognitivo; doble tarea; adulto mayor.
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a leading cause of dementia, and its preclinical or mild cognitive impairment stage represents a relevant window for non-pharmacological interventions. This systematic review aimed to analyze recent evidence on the effects of motor, neurocognitive, dual-task, and multidomain strategies on cognitive and functional outcomes in older adults without established dementia. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted for studies published from January 1, 2021, to August 31, 2026. Primary intervention studies involving adults aged 60 years or older with preserved cognition and increased risk, subjective cognitive decline, or mild cognitive impairment were considered; only articles for which the full text could be retrieved and fully assessed were included. Methodological quality was appraised using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials. Twenty-three randomized clinical trials comprising 6,121 participants were included: five assessed predominantly motor strategies, two neurocognitive strategies, nine combined or motor-cognitive dual-task interventions, and seven multidomain programs. Combined motor-cognitive interventions showed the most consistent pattern of benefits across executive function, memory, global cognition, and functional performance, although superiority was not universal. Multidomain programs yielded mixed findings, including large trials with small or null effects on primary cognitive outcomes. These interventions may support the maintenance or improvement of selected cognitive and functional domains; however, current evidence does not establish that they clinically prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease; mild cognitive impairment; exercise therapy; cognitive training; dual task; older adults.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 15 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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