Intervenciones de enfermería en el cuidado del neonato pretérmino hospitalizado: una revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
recién nacido prematuro; cuidados de enfermería; unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales; desarrollo neonatal; intervención de enfermeríaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0424
Resumen
El nacimiento pretérmino representa un problema relevante de salud neonatal debido a la inmadurez fisiológica y al riesgo de complicaciones durante la hospitalización en unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Las intervenciones de enfermería cumplen un papel fundamental en la protección del desarrollo, confort y recuperación del recién nacido. El objetivo fue analizar la evidencia científica sobre las intervenciones de enfermería aplicadas al cuidado del neonato pretérmino hospitalizado. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las recomendaciones PRISMA 2020, se incluyeron estudios publicados entre 2021 y 2026, considerando neonatos pretérmino hospitalizados, intervenciones de enfermería y resultados clínicos relacionados con el cuidado neonatal. Se analizaron 35 estudios que evidenciaron cinco áreas principales de intervención enfermera: cuidados del desarrollo neonatal, alimentación y estimulación oral, manejo no farmacológico del dolor, posicionamiento terapéutico y seguridad del paciente neonatal. Las intervenciones orientadas al control ambiental, agrupación de cuidados y posicionamiento favorecieron la estabilidad fisiológica y disminuyeron respuestas de estrés. Asimismo, la estimulación oral mejoró la transición hacia la alimentación independiente, mientras que las estrategias no farmacológicas redujeron indicadores de dolor durante procedimientos invasivos. Las intervenciones de enfermería constituyen un componente esencial en la atención integral del neonato pretérmino hospitalizado, la aplicación de cuidados individualizados y basados en evidencia favorece la estabilidad clínica, protección del neurodesarrollo y calidad asistencial en las unidades neonatales.
Palabras claves: recién nacido prematuro; cuidados de enfermería; unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales; desarrollo neonatal; intervención de enfermería.
Abstract
Preterm birth represents a significant neonatal health problem due to physiological immaturity and the risk of complications during hospitalization in neonatal intensive care units. Nursing interventions play a fundamental role in protecting the newborn’s development, comfort, and recovery. The objective was to analyze the scientific evidence regarding nursing interventions applied to the care of hospitalized preterm infants. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including studies published between 2021 and 2026 that focused on hospitalized preterm infants, nursing interventions, and clinical outcomes related to neonatal care. Thirty-five studies were analyzed, revealing five main areas of nursing intervention: neonatal developmental care, feeding and oral stimulation, nonpharmacological pain management, therapeutic positioning, and neonatal patient safety. Interventions focused on environmental control, care bundling, and positioning promoted physiological stability and reduced stress responses. Additionally, oral stimulation improved the transition to independent feeding, while nonpharmacological strategies reduced pain indicators during invasive procedures. Nursing interventions are an essential component of comprehensive care for hospitalized preterm infants; the provision of individualized, evidence-based care promotes clinical stability, protects neurodevelopment, and enhances the quality of care in neonatal units.
Keywords: preterm newborn; nursing care; neonatal intensive care unit; neonatal development; nursing intervention.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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