Beneficios clínicos y quirúrgicos de la cirugía robótica en la actualidad: Revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
cirugía robótica, cirugía mínimamente invasiva, resultados quirúrgicos, resultados clínicos, laparoscopiaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0428
Resumen
La cirugía robótica constituye una alternativa de cirugía mínimamente invasiva utilizada en diversos procedimientos quirúrgicos, ya sea colorrectales, urológicos, gástricos, torácicos, hepáticos y ginecológicos. El objetivo fue analizar los beneficios clínicos y quirúrgicos de la cirugía robótica mediante una revisión sistemática de estudios originales publicados entre 2021 y agosto de 2026. Se siguieron los lineamientos PRISMA 2020 y se efectuó una búsqueda en PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO. De 230 registros identificados, 21 artículos originales cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Los hallazgos muestran que la cirugía robótica puede reducir la pérdida sanguínea, la conversión a cirugía abierta, algunos indicadores de estrés quirúrgico y la estancia hospitalaria, aunque estas ventajas dependen del procedimiento. En varios ensayos no se observaron diferencias significativas en complicaciones globales o resultados oncológicos frente a la laparoscopia. La evidencia reciente respalda su seguridad y utilidad en procedimientos técnicamente complejos, pero no demuestra superioridad universal. La selección de pacientes, la experiencia del equipo y el costo siguen siendo determinantes para su implementación.
Palabras claves: cirugía robótica, cirugía mínimamente invasiva, resultados quirúrgicos, resultados clínicos, laparoscopia.
Abstract
Robotic surgery has become an established minimally invasive alternative across colorectal, urologic, gastric, thoracic, hepatic, and gynecologic procedures. This study aimed to analyze the current clinical and surgical benefits of robotic surgery through a systematic review of original studies published between 2021 and August 2026. PRISMA 2020 guidance was followed, and searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. Of 230 identified records, 21 original articles met the eligibility criteria. The findings indicate that robotic surgery may reduce blood loss, conversion to open surgery, selected markers of surgical stress, and hospital length of stay, although these advantages vary by procedure. Several randomized trials found no significant differences in overall complications or oncological outcomes compared with laparoscopy. Current evidence supports the safety and usefulness of robotic surgery in technically demanding operations but does not demonstrate universal superiority. Patient selection, team experience, and cost remain important factors for implementation.
Keywords: robotic surgery; minimally invasive surgery; postoperative outcomes; laparoscopy; PRISMA.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 15 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 17 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 11 de septiembre de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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