Efectividad de los programas de ejercicio funcional para reducir el riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores: revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
adulto mayor; caídas accidentales; ejercicio funcional; equilibrio postural; fuerza muscular; fisioterapiaResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0434
Resumen
Introducción. Las caídas en adultos mayores representan un problema prioritario de salud pública debido a su impacto en la pérdida de autonomía, la morbimortalidad y los costos sanitarios. Objetivo. Determinar la efectividad de los programas de ejercicio funcional para reducir el riesgo e incidencia de caídas y mejorar el equilibrio, la movilidad y la fuerza de extremidades inferiores en personas mayores. Métodos. Revisión sistemática con síntesis narrativa desarrollada bajo las directrices PRISMA 2020 y SWiM. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en PubMed, ScienceDirect, PEDro, CINAHL y LILACS para publicaciones entre 2021 y 2026. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios experimentales que evaluaron intervenciones de ejercicio funcional, equilibrio o fuerza en adultos mayores. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante RoB 2 y Newcastle-Ottawa. Esta revisión sistemática no contó con un protocolo registrado previamente en bases como PROSPERO u OSF. Resultados. Se incluyeron 26 estudios primarios con resultados clínicos distribuidos en 23 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y 3 estudios cuasi-experimentales, tras excluir 86 estudios por diversas razones metodológicas y 1 protocolo sin resultados. Los programas multicomponentes y el entrenamiento de perturbaciones mostraron reducciones en la tasa anual de caídas entre un 14% y un 44%, junto con mejoras en pruebas de equilibrio y movilidad (BBS, TUG, SPPB) y en la fuerza funcional (30-s CST). Conclusiones. El ejercicio funcional constituye una estrategia de primera línea para disminuir la tasa de caídas y optimizar el control postural y la fuerza en la población mayor, aunque la magnitud de los efectos varía según la modalidad y el nivel de supervisión.
Palabras claves: adulto mayor; caídas accidentales; ejercicio funcional; equilibrio postural; fuerza muscular; fisioterapia.
Abstract
Introduction. Falls in older adults represent a priority public health problem due to their impact on loss of autonomy, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of functional exercise programs in reducing the risk and incidence of falls and improving balance, mobility, and lower limb strength in older adults. Methods. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted following PRISMA 2020 and SWiM guidelines. The literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, PEDro, CINAHL, and LILACS for publications between 2021 and 2026. Randomized clinical trials and experimental studies evaluating functional exercise, balance, or strength interventions in older adults were included. Methodological quality was assessed using RoB 2 and Newcastle-Ottawa tools. This systematic review did not have a previously registered protocol in PROSPERO or OSF. Results. A total of 49 primary studies with clinical outcomes were included after excluding one study protocol and 69 studies for other methodological reasons. Multicomponent programs and perturbation training demonstrated reductions in the annual fall rate ranging from 14% to 44%, along with improvements in balance and mobility tests (BBS, TUG, SPPB) and functional lower limb strength (30-s CST). Conclusions. Functional exercise is a first-line intervention to reduce fall rates and optimize postural control and strength in older adults, although the magnitude of effect varies according to intervention modality and supervision level.
Keywords: aged; accidental falls; functional exercise; postural balance; muscle strength; physical therapy specialty.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 15 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.
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