Efectividad de los programas de ejercicio funcional para reducir el riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores: revisión sistemática

Autores/as

Palabras clave:

adulto mayor; caídas accidentales; ejercicio funcional; equilibrio postural; fuerza muscular; fisioterapia

Resumen

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0434

Resumen

Introducción. Las caídas en adultos mayores representan un problema prioritario de salud pública debido a su impacto en la pérdida de autonomía, la morbimortalidad y los costos sanitarios. Objetivo. Determinar la efectividad de los programas de ejercicio funcional para reducir el riesgo e incidencia de caídas y mejorar el equilibrio, la movilidad y la fuerza de extremidades inferiores en personas mayores. Métodos. Revisión sistemática con síntesis narrativa desarrollada bajo las directrices PRISMA 2020 y SWiM. La búsqueda bibliográfica se efectuó en PubMed, ScienceDirect, PEDro, CINAHL y LILACS para publicaciones entre 2021 y 2026. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y estudios experimentales que evaluaron intervenciones de ejercicio funcional, equilibrio o fuerza en adultos mayores. La calidad metodológica se evaluó mediante RoB 2 y Newcastle-Ottawa. Esta revisión sistemática no contó con un protocolo registrado previamente en bases como PROSPERO u OSF. Resultados. Se incluyeron 26 estudios primarios con resultados clínicos distribuidos en 23 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y 3 estudios cuasi-experimentales, tras excluir 86 estudios por diversas razones metodológicas y 1 protocolo sin resultados. Los programas multicomponentes y el entrenamiento de perturbaciones mostraron reducciones en la tasa anual de caídas entre un 14% y un 44%, junto con mejoras en pruebas de equilibrio y movilidad (BBS, TUG, SPPB) y en la fuerza funcional (30-s CST). Conclusiones. El ejercicio funcional constituye una estrategia de primera línea para disminuir la tasa de caídas y optimizar el control postural y la fuerza en la población mayor, aunque la magnitud de los efectos varía según la modalidad y el nivel de supervisión.

Palabras claves: adulto mayor; caídas accidentales; ejercicio funcional; equilibrio postural; fuerza muscular; fisioterapia.

Abstract

Introduction. Falls in older adults represent a priority public health problem due to their impact on loss of autonomy, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of functional exercise programs in reducing the risk and incidence of falls and improving balance, mobility, and lower limb strength in older adults. Methods. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted following PRISMA 2020 and SWiM guidelines. The literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, PEDro, CINAHL, and LILACS for publications between 2021 and 2026. Randomized clinical trials and experimental studies evaluating functional exercise, balance, or strength interventions in older adults were included. Methodological quality was assessed using RoB 2 and Newcastle-Ottawa tools. This systematic review did not have a previously registered protocol in PROSPERO or OSF. Results. A total of 49 primary studies with clinical outcomes were included after excluding one study protocol and 69 studies for other methodological reasons. Multicomponent programs and perturbation training demonstrated reductions in the annual fall rate ranging from 14% to 44%, along with improvements in balance and mobility tests (BBS, TUG, SPPB) and functional lower limb strength (30-s CST). Conclusions. Functional exercise is a first-line intervention to reduce fall rates and optimize postural control and strength in older adults, although the magnitude of effect varies according to intervention modality and supervision level.

Keywords: aged; accidental falls; functional exercise; postural balance; muscle strength; physical therapy specialty.

Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción:
23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 15 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.

Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Citas

Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Vellas, B., Rizzoli, R., Kressig, R. W., da Silva, J. A. P., Blauth, W., ... & Willett, W. C. (2022). Effect of vitamin D, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and a simple home exercise program on fall rate in older adults: The DO-HEALTH randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 328(18), 1801-1810. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.19050

Bong May Ing, C., Tan, P. J., & Mat, S. (2024). Efficacy of a group-based virtual exercise program (WE-SURF™) on physical performance and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 118, Article 105280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.105280

Brüll, L., Muehlbauer, T., & Granacher, U. (2023). Effects of treadmill-based perturbation training versus stability training on balance and fall risk in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, Article 112049. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1112049

Dawson, N., Evans, R., & Taylor, D. (2025). Tele-physiotherapy based Otago exercise program (TOP-UP) for improving mobility and reducing falls in older adults: A hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial. BMC Geriatrics, 25(1), Article 88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-05680-x

Falck, R. S., Davis, J. C., & Best, J. R. (2025). The Otago Exercise Program reduces fall rate in older adults with cognitive frailty: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 73(2), 412-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18950

Hars, M., Trombetti, A., & Biver, E. (2024). Dalcroze eurhythmics versus multicomponent exercise for fall prevention and gait variability in seniors: A 12-month randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing, 53(3), Article afae042. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae042

Kannan, L., Vora, I., & Bhatt, T. (2024). CogXergaming tele-exercise for physical function and balance in pre-frail older adults: A randomized pilot trial. Games for Health Journal, 13(2), 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2023.0112

Lee, K. (2025). Real-time remote vs. in-person multimodal exercise for fall risk and physical performance in pre-frail older adults: A randomized trial. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 37(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.37.22

Oliveira, J. S., Sherrington, C., & Hassett, L. (2025). Iyengar yoga program (SAGE) and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy, 122, 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2024.10.003

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ... & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Peng, X., Zhang, L., & Liu, Y. (2025). Integrated FAMILY program for fall prevention in rural primary care: A cluster randomized trial. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 54, Article 101250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101250

Rice, J., Davis, B., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2025). Otago Exercise Program in older adults with slow gait speed: A secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Gait & Posture, 115, 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.11.015

Rieger, M. M., Muehlbauer, T., & Schwenk, M. (2024). Treadmill perturbation training with cognitive dual-task (REACT module) reduces everyday falls in older adults: A randomized trial. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 79(4), Article glae015. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glae015

Rikkonen, T., Sund, R., & Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. (2023). Long-term effects of gym strength training and Tai Chi on fall and fracture rates in older women: A 24-month randomized trial. Osteoporosis International, 34(5), 911-921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-023-06680-w

Wen, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2026). Wuqinxi Qigong for cognitive function, balance, and fall risk in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 80, Article 103012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103012

Yi, X., Wang, C., & Zhang, L. (2024). SHe COFFEE telehealth program for functional mobility and fall risk in seniors: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, Article e51200. https://doi.org/10.2196/51200

Yildirim, M. S., Kose, N., & Balci, N. C. (2025). Baduanjin Qigong versus WHO aerobic exercise for balance and fall risk in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 22(1), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-025-00340-x

Publicado

2026-09-21

Cómo citar

Ortiz-Franco, V. E., Guama-Suque, J. M., Gutiérrez-Pérez, M. L., & Pérez-Cunalata, A. O. (2026). Efectividad de los programas de ejercicio funcional para reducir el riesgo de caídas en adultos mayores: revisión sistemática. Revista Científica Arbitrada En Investigaciones De La Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273., 9(18 Ed. Esp.), 86-103. Recuperado a partir de https://journalgestar.org/index.php/gestar/article/view/397