Efectividad del ejercicio multicomponente para la prevención de caídas en adultos mayores: Revisión sistemática
Palabras clave:
ejercicio multicomponente; prevención de caídas; equilibrio postural; movilidad funcional; adulto mayorResumen
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46296/gt.v9i18edespsep.0438
Resumen
Las caídas constituyen un problema relevante de salud en los adultos mayores por su asociación con lesiones, pérdida de autonomía y deterioro funcional. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la efectividad de los programas de ejercicio multicomponente para reducir las caídas y mejorar el equilibrio, la movilidad, la fuerza y la capacidad funcional. Se realizó una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020, con síntesis narrativa debido a la heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica. Se consideraron estudios primarios publicados entre enero de 2021 y el 31 de agosto de 2026, en adultos de 60 años o más, con intervenciones que combinaran al menos dos componentes entre fuerza, equilibrio, marcha, resistencia, flexibilidad, coordinación o tareas funcionales. Se incluyeron 12 estudios primarios. La evaluación RoB 2 mostró predominio de “algunas dudas” y la certeza GRADE fue moderada para equilibrio/desempeño físico, baja para incidencia de caídas y movilidad funcional, y muy baja para miedo a caer. Los hallazgos sugieren que el ejercicio multicomponente puede mejorar el desempeño físico y contribuir a la prevención de caídas; sin embargo, la heterogeneidad de los protocolos impide establecer una dosificación única.
Palabras claves: ejercicio multicomponente; prevención de caídas; equilibrio postural; movilidad funcional; adulto mayor.
Abstract
Falls are a relevant health problem in older adults because of their association with injuries, loss of independence, and functional decline. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effectiveness of multicomponent exercise programs for reducing falls and improving balance, mobility, strength, and functional capacity. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020, using a narrative synthesis because of clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Primary studies published from January 2021 through August 31, 2026 were considered. Eligible participants were adults aged 60 years or older, and interventions combined at least two components among strength, balance, gait, endurance, flexibility, coordination, or functional tasks. Twelve primary studies were included. RoB 2 assessment showed a predominance of “some concerns”. GRADE certainty was moderate for balance/physical performance, low for fall incidence and functional mobility, and very low for fear of falling. The findings suggest that multicomponent exercise may improve physical performance and contribute to fall prevention; however, protocol heterogeneity prevents defining a single standardized dose.
Keywords: multicomponent exercise; fall prevention; postural balance; functional mobility; older adults.
Información del manuscrito:
Fecha de recepción: 23 de junio de 2026.
Fecha de aceptación: 15 de agosto de 2026.
Fecha de publicación: 21 de septiembre de 2026.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Revista Científica Arbitrada en Investigaciones de la Salud GESTAR. ISSN: 2737-6273.
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